样品等（样品及制样） - 版本历史

Li.qun：/* 30. freeze sectioning */

2020-03-23T06:44:48Z

‎30. freeze sectioning

Li.qun：/* 30. freeze sectioning */

2020-03-23T06:43:42Z

‎30. freeze sectioning

Li.qun：/* 30. freeze sectioning */

2020-03-23T06:42:28Z

‎30. freeze sectioning

Li.qun：/* 53. glass knife */

2018-10-10T03:23:10Z

‎53. glass knife

Li.qun：/* 53. glass knife */

2018-10-10T03:22:58Z

‎53. glass knife

Li.qun：/* 53. glass knife */

2018-10-10T03:21:35Z

‎53. glass knife

Li.qun：/* 9-1. grid */

2018-10-10T02:57:02Z

‎9-1. grid

Li.qun：/* 9-1. grid */

2018-10-10T02:56:26Z

‎9-1. grid

Li.qun：/* 9-1. grid */

2018-10-10T02:54:04Z

‎9-1. grid

Li.qun：/* 4-3. focused ion-beam milling */

2018-09-06T06:02:08Z

‎4-3. focused ion-beam milling

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 A cryo-microtome equipped with a cryo-chamber and a liquid-nitrogen Dewar is used for freeze sectioning. Preparation and collection of an ultra-thin section is carried out in a workspace in the cryo-chamber filled with cold gases. In the case of a biological specimen, the specimen does not suffer deformation caused by chemical fixation and dehydration because the section is created from a frozen specimen prepared by rapid freeze fixation. Thus, the method makes possible observation of tissues close to their living state. When observing ultrathin sections with TEM while frozen, a cryo-transfer holder is required.
 [[文件:Freeze sectioning 01 01 01 01.JPG]]
 Liquid nitrogen is automatically supplied to the cryo-chamber to maintain a set temperature.
 The workspace is filled with cold gases. The specimen holder moves forward from left to right (along a yellow arrow) by a set value.

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 Freeze sectioning is a method of sectioning by freezing a specimen, which is soft and difficult in preparing an ultrathin section at room temperature, under liquid nitrogen temperature, the specimens specifically including biological specimens without chemical fixation, high-polymers such as rubber.
 A cryo-microtome equipped with a cryo-chamber and a liquid-nitrogen Dewar is used for freeze sectioning. Preparation and collection of an ultra-thin section is carried out in a workspace in the cryo-chamber filled with cold gases. In the case of a biological specimen, the specimen does not suffer deformation caused by chemical fixation and dehydration because the section is created from a frozen specimen prepared by rapid freeze fixation. Thus, the method makes possible observation of tissues close to their living state. When observing ultrathin sections with TEM while frozen, a cryo-transfer holder is required.
 The workspace is filled with cold gases. The specimen holder moves forward from left to right (along a yellow arrow) by a set value.
 <pre>Related term

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 "Electrolytic plating" is a technique to form a thin metal layer on a surface of a solid specimen by electrolysis of a conductive solid (ex. metal) in a suitable electrolyte solvent. Actually, a specimen (acting as an anode) and a platinum (Pt) plate or a stainless-steel (acting as a cathode) are immersed in a suitable electrolyte solvent. By the flow of electric current between these electrodes, the eluted Pt or stainless-steel is deposited on the specimen surface.
 ==30. freeze sectioning ==
-Freeze sectioning is used to prepare a sectioned biological specimen of soft textures. The specimen is frozen under liquid-nitrogen temperature to cut the specimen easier with a cryo-microtome. A cryo-electron microscope is needed for specimen observation.
+Freeze sectioning is a method of sectioning by freezing a specimen, which is soft and difficult in preparing an ultrathin section at room temperature, under liquid nitrogen temperature, the specimens specifically including biological specimens without chemical fixation, high-polymers such as rubber.
 <pre>Related term
 cryo-electron microscopy</pre>

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 A glass knife is a blade for a microtome. The knife is a fabricated sharp edge line of a glass made by fracturing a thick glass or a glass rod. The glass knife is used to make an exposed specimen surface flat prior to ultrathin sectioning using a diamond knife, or to perform trimming of the resin of a resin embedded specimen.
 Precautions for use; When the knife is applied to hard materials or the same position of the blade is repeatedly used, the blade tends to spill and can damage the surface of a specimen. Thus, the knife needs to be used while changing the position of the blade.
 [[文件:Glass knife-1.jpg]]
 <pre>Related term

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 A glass knife is a blade for a microtome. The knife is a fabricated sharp edge line of a glass made by fracturing a thick glass or a glass rod. The glass knife is used to make an exposed specimen surface flat prior to ultrathin sectioning using a diamond knife, or to perform trimming of the resin of a resin embedded specimen.
 Precautions for use; When the knife is applied to hard materials or the same position of the blade is repeatedly used, the blade tends to spill and can damage the surface of a specimen. Thus, the knife needs to be used while changing the position of the blade.
+[[文件:Glass knife-1.jpg]]
 <pre>Related term
 diamond knife, ultrathin section, ultramicrotomy</pre>

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 ultrathin section, ultramicrotomy, diamond knife</pre>
 ==53. glass knife ==
-A glass knife is used for microtomy. The knife is made by fracturing a thick glass or a glass rod to use a fabricated edge line as the blade of the knife. The main role of the glass knife is to make a flat surface or to trim a specimen prior to ultrathin sectioning with a diamond knife.
+A glass knife is a blade for a microtome. The knife is a fabricated sharp edge line of a glass made by fracturing a thick glass or a glass rod. The glass knife is used to make an exposed specimen surface flat prior to ultrathin sectioning using a diamond knife, or to perform trimming of the resin of a resin embedded specimen.
 <pre>Related term
 diamond knife, ultrathin section, ultramicrotomy</pre>
 ==54. electron staining==
 Electron staining means to adsorb heavy metals of a high scattering power to biological specimens or polymer materials composed of light elements which exhibit a small scattering power for electrons, for enhancing the TEM image contrast of these specimens.

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 .Single hole grid
 The grid is used to observe a wide area of specimen without disturbance of the mesh of a reticular grid. Thus, it is suitable for observation at ultra-low magnifications.
 .Reference grid
 The grid is conveniently used at repeated observation of the same field because the marks (letters) to memorize the observation position are prepared on the grid.

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 ===9-1. grid ===
 A "grid" is a plate of a metal, etc. with a diameter of 3 mm and a thickness of 20 to 50 μm, which supports a specimen for TEM observation. Various grids such as a square-, a circular-, and a slit-grid, are available. They are selectable depending on observation requirements. The material of the grid is copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), gold (Au) or titanium (Ti), etc. In elemental analysis, a grid which does not contain the elements to be analyzed, is used.
 .Reticular grid
 The grid is most commonly used. Fragmented specimens are placed or pasted on the grid. For viruses or small particles, a supporting film is pasted on the grid and then, the specimen is placed on it.
 .Single hole grid
 The grid is used to observe a wide area of specimen without disturbance of the mesh of a reticular grid. Thus, it is suitable for observation at ultra-low magnifications.
 .Reference grid
 The grid is conveniently used at repeated observation of the same field because the marks (letters) to memorize the observation position are prepared on the grid.
 .FIB grid
 The grid is used to attach a thin film specimen prepared by FIB, to the heads of the grid.Related term
+[[文件:Grid.jpg]]
 <pre>Related term
 supporting film, micro grid</pre>

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 ==9. grid ==
 ===9-1. grid ===
-A "grid" is a metal mesh with a thickness of 20 to 30 μm, which is used to support a supporting film of a specimen or a specimen itself for a TEM. The specimen on the grid is set on the specimen holder and inserted into the objective lens polepiece. The material of the grid is copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), or gold (Au).
+A "grid" is a plate of a metal, etc. with a diameter of 3 mm and a thickness of 20 to 50 μm, which supports a specimen for TEM observation. Various grids such as a square-, a circular-, and a slit-grid, are available. They are selectable depending on observation requirements. The material of the grid is copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), gold (Au) or titanium (Ti), etc. In elemental analysis, a grid which does not contain the elements to be analyzed, is used.
 <pre>Related term
 supporting film, micro grid</pre>
 ===9-2.	microgrid ===
 A "microgrid" is a supporting film used to support a fine specimen like powder for a TEM. The microgrid is made of cellulose aceto-butyrate and has many holes with the hole diameter of several μm or less.

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 "Focused Ion Beam (FIB) milling" is a technique of a TEM specimen preparation to mill a bulk specimen with focused gallium (Ga) ions. The target region of the bulk specimen can be selectively thinned down to a desired shape while monitoring and controlling by SEM observation of the milling region. This technique is particularly indispensible for failure analysis of semiconductor devices.
 The FIB milling procedure is as follows: First, the surface of the target region is coated with a platinum- or carbon-protective film in the FIB system to avoid the milling of the target region (Fig. (a)). Next, the target region is milled with a Ga ion beam of a high accelerating voltage of about 30 kV to prepare a section of a thickness of a few μm or less (Fig. (b)). Then, the prepared section is picked up from the bulk specimen and fixed onto a TEM specimen grid (Fig. (c)). Finally, the fixed specimen is milled with a Ga ion beam of a low accelerating voltage of about 5 kV (for decreasing damages to the specimen) to create a thin section of a thickness of 10 to 100 nm (Fig. (d)). If the damaged layers due to the irradiation of Ga ions remain, the layers are removed by another milling with a Ga ion beam of a lower accelerating voltage (about 3 kV or less) or with an argon (Ar) ion beam.
 Fig. (a) Protection layer is formed on the target region by coating of carbon or platinum. (b) Surroundings of the target region are roughly milled with Ga ion beam to prepare a section (thickness: a few μm or less). (c) A section is fixed onto a TEM grid. (d) Thin section (thickness: 10 to 100 nm) is created from the target region by fine milling. (e) The thinned section prepared by FIB is subjected to TEM observation.